Wall Street-Financial Markets and Management in Corporations: Examined :: Wall Street Film Movies Films Papers Business

Wall thoroughfargon Financial Markets and Management in Corporations The film Wall Street is a movie that portrays the corruptness that rotter exist on Wall Street. Bud Fox is trying to establish a name and a upkeep for himself, and thus he has the endless task of trying to increase the number of clients that he represents. In the end he is taken by the prospect of enough rich, and it would seem that to do this requires illegal actions, such as insider trading. It is quite amazing how this can, almost overnight, lead to great riches and power. Bud Fox was making an effective living that is until he finally is able to establish a relationship with Gordon Gekko-a so-called financial wizard. While this film deals primarily with the concept of Insider Trading and how it affects the stocks and their values, I would like to present in this paper ideas and concepts that I learned in a previous class that extend beyond just the ideas of insider trading and prolong more broadl y to discuss the unethical problems that can occur within a corporation in general (not just on wall street), when there is separation of caution and ownership. This is important to be aware of in a capitalist society where many people work for other people, and or are in charge of many other people as well. It constantly causes people to question the systems in place and what can be done to stave off these potential problems and unethical actions. The ultimate test of corporate strategy is whether it creates economic value for shareholders. Yet there are quite a few problems which can arise and interfere with this agenda. The agency problem that arises from the separation of ownership and management in the modern corporation can lead to conflict between the objectives of owners and the objectives of managers. The managers conclusion should be, and in fact the managers job is, to maximize shareholder wealth. Managers work for the shareholders, since shareholders are es sentially partial owners of the corporation that they have purchased stock in. Stockholders invest their money because they consent that the value of their investment will grow. They want to increase their wealth as much as possible. (Hickman 11) Unfortunately, claimants (shareholders) oftentimes have difficulty determining how well management is actually doing because of the existence of information asymmetry- in a sense lack of information.

The Confucian Filial Obligation and Care for Aged Parents :: Asian Philosphy Chinese Research

The Confucian Filial Obligation and Care for Aged ParentsABSTRACT Some moral philosophers in the West (e.g., Norman Daniels and Jane English) hold that crowing children have no more moral bargain to support their elderly parents than does any other person in the society, no question how much sacrifice their parents made for them or what misery their parents are presently suffering. This is because children do not ask to be brought into the world or to be adopted. Therefore, there is a basic asymmetry between parental and the filial obligations. I argue against the Daniels/English thesis by employing the traditional Confucian view of the nature of filial obligation. On the basis of a distinction between moral duty and moral responsibility and the Confucian concept of justice, I argue that the filial obligation of openhanded children to care respectfully for their aged parents is not necessarily self-imposed. I conclude that due to the naturalistic character of the family, the natu re of our familial obligations (such as parental feel for for young children and adult childrens respectful caring for aged parents) cannot be consensual, contractarian and voluntarist, but instead existential, communal and historical. Some moral philosophers in the West hold that adult children do not have any more moral obligation to support their elderly parents than does any other person in the society, no matter how much sacrifice their parents made for them in the past or what kinds of misery their parents are presently suffering. This is so, they claim, because children do not ask to be brought into this world or to be adopted. Thus, the traditional filial obligation of supporting and taking care of the aged is left as either the private responsibility of the elderly themselves or as a societal burden on the public. (1) For example, Norman Daniels argues that there is a basic asymmetry between parental and the filial obligations (Daniels, 1988, p.29). The parental obligation of caring for their young children, says Daniels, is a self-imposed duty, while the so-called childrens obligation of caring for their aged parents is non-self-imposed and thus cannot be morally required. (2) In her famous essay, What Do Grown Children Owe Their Parents, Jane English also claims that a favor done without it being requested or a voluntary sacrifice of one for some other can only create a friendly gesture (Sommers & Sommers, 1993, pp. 758-765). It incurs neither an owing nor a moral obligation to reciprocate.

Caregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior Essay example --

Caregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior The field of violence prediction look into has advanced to the point where predictions about serious criminal violence by men who have already committed one violent offense hind end be made with a considerable degree of accuracy (Rice, 414). This group, although a small proportion of the population, is a group whose violence is the focus of much societal concern. Research on the nature of psychotherapy is yielding new insights into a group of offenders who are highly prone to violence. There is every reason to deliberate that applying the results of violence research to make policy changes in the criminal justice system would make society safer. Research conducted on treatment of psychopaths suggests that there may be little wrong with psychopaths for therapy to fix. However, their research does suggest that certain treatments, such as the therapeutic community, may actually increase psychopaths future violence. This stem is supported by other research stating that programs that help increase self-esteem can increase aggression (Baumeister et al., 1996). Their theory about psychotherapy is that it is an adaption rather than a disorder. Violence by psychopaths might be reduced through careful monitoring and supervision therefore increasing the likelihood of detection. The researchers theory begins to take a close look into a psychopaths childhood. The theorists determine that by means of close monitoring of the subjects aggressive and antisocial behavior by caretakers early in feeling it might shape the later behavior of persons with a genetic disposition to psychotherapy (Rice, 1997). The research demonstrated the importance of evaluating any interventions that are d... ...co American psychology Association, Incorporated. vol. 64 pgs. 5-7. February 1996. Lewis, M., Feiring, C., McGuffog, C., and Jaskir, J. (1984). Predicting psychopathology in six-year-olds from early social relations. Child Developm ent, 55, 123-136. Main, M. (1991). Metacognitive knowledge, Metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) versus multiple (incoherent) models of attachment. Findings and directions for future research. In C.M. Parker, J. Stevenson-Hinde, and P. Marris (Eds.) Attachment Across the Life Cycle. pgs. 127159 London Routledge-Kigan Paul. Rice, Marine. American Psychologists. vol. 52. pgs. 414-423. April 1997. Rosenstein, Diana S., Horowitz, Harvey A. Adolescent Attachment and Psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and_ Clinical Psychology. co American Psychology Association, Incorporated. vol. 64 pgs. 244-253. April 1996.

A Family Vacation to Canada :: Summer Vacation Essays

This is the actual story of a trip I took with Smith Family into Canada. The total head count was 19, including myself. The trip took 8 age to complete. We left on Saturday, June 24 at 1200am and got back on Sunday July 1, around 300pm. The great Canadian adventure started at 12 noon on Saturday to pack the bus and truck. The bus is an old school bus with a big rack on top to hold canoes, and screens over all the windows. Inside there are 8 bunks in the back for sleeping. The middle is where the food is kept. The front has two tables on each side for playing cards. As soon as I got there I started meeting people. I had only met Craig, Renee, and yellow-brown before at Cameron Smiths graduation exercise party. There were 3 well fed dogs running around. The first person Tyler pointed out was kindle, his grandpa. He was mendting the gas together for the boats and there were about 5 others standing around him. One was Troy and the other was Larry. It was easy to see that Crai g and Troy were brothers, they were rigging the bus to carry 5 canoes. Others were busy helping to get ready. I helped put the motor rack in Tylers truck. After the bus and truck had all of the canoes on, Jeff, Tyler, and I went back to Tylers house to retreat showers and eat. The plan was to meet Craig at Cash Wise at 830 to buy the food. Craigs Eagle got a flat tire on the way to Willmar. Tyler, Jeff, and I got there at 930 but the shopping was already done. As we were leaving Willmar, on our way back to Harrys, we were able to see fireworks from the Works over Water display on Foot Lake. When we got to Harrys, there were several cars in the yard. Tyler and I went to the house were I met Erin and Allison for the first cartridge holder. Erin was eating a pizza and at first glance I thought she was Emily Smith. I could not get over how much Erin, Allison and Amber looked like Emily. Little kids were running everywhere. In the living room, were about 25 people I had never met or se en before, who seemed to be having a good time together.

Mesopotamia, Egypt And The Hebrews :: essays research papers fc

                                         October 10th, 1994Mesopotamia, Egypt and the HebrewsTheir development from the 3rd millenary to 2nd C.E.When the canonization of the Hebrew Holy ("TaNaKh") took place. dog-iron Manciniirgix.netcom.comMESOPOTAMIA     Mesopotamia was the land of four primary civilizations the Sumerian, the Akkadians, the Babylonian and the Assyrians. The Hebrews, like the Akkadians, belong to a group of people known as Semites and from there we can see the find out of Mesopotamian culture in some of the Hebrews traditions. During the same time, civilization began in Egypt, and there can be seen a distinct difference in the social, religious and policy-making system from Mesopotamia that the link between the two civilizations are the Hebrews, and although no historical record s are available aside from the Holy Scriptures, it is believed that the Hebrews settled in Egypt during the era of Hyksos command in the seventeenth century B.C.E. These three civilizations to be discussed were the foundation of todays society and provided the common era with concrete religious beliefs still practiced today.     Evidence of the mechanism on the evolution of social, religious and political values, as well as the fluctuating development of the role of women then and now, are present in these documents, low gear with the oldest document which is most likely the epical of Gilgamesh, first passed on by word of mouth and later recorded by the Sumerians around the third millennium and finally edited and written down in cuneiform by the Babylonians.     This legend appears to have been used by all the civilizations in Mesopotamia in rewrite to satisfy the need to know why we die and to justify the instincts that drove the people o f these societies to war, to kill and to control as a must for survival. The gods were the only press release available to justify such behavior to grant permission to rule, to kill and subdue the weak.     The Epic of Gilgamesh does just that It serves as a model for the warrior, the king and the tragical hero and the standards for divine right, friendship, brotherhood and loyalty. Finally, it becomes evident from the beginning of a higher consciousness that justifies love, brotherhood and loyalty in the midst of this need for war and gods.     The Epic is divided into seven main parts the "Coming of Enkidu", the "Forest Journey", "Ishtar", the "Search for Everlasting Life", the "Story of the Flood", the "Return", and the "Death of Gilgamesh".     The reality of life was, and is, a mystery and therefore must be justified as it shows in the "Coming of Enkidu&quo t, where he was created by Aruru by dipping "her hands in water and pinching off clay" (EOG 62).

House on Mango Street Essay example -- essays research papers

Esperanza is torn between deciding whether she wants to escape MangoStreet. She is embarrassed by the superficial display of her identity,but appreciates her roots. Her house is a wreck and the neighborhood,probably not much better off. However, she has loving family and friends.Although marriage has caused the suffering of many of the wowork force in herneighborhood, she realizes that she needs men to fulfill the new desiresshe attains as she hits adolescence.Through the novel, Esperanza matures both physically and mentally. Thefirst thing that struck me about this novel was that the chapters werevery short. I realized that the fibber is young and has a shortattention span, judging from her fragmented observations. However,Esperanza begins to mature and to develop a desire for men. While shesenses that many women are caged by men, they cannot be truly freewithout them.Most of the women Esperanza knows on Mango Street are either trapped intheir marriages or tied down by their chil dren. For example,Esperanzas grandmother. Esperanza does not want to inherit her placeby the window. She neither likes what she has already inherited fromher grandmother her name. Esperanza plays with words when she firstexpresses her dissatisfaction with her name. She says that in Spanish,her name means too many letters. It means sadness from the oppositeof esperar, which is desesperarse, it means waiting from the verbesperar. She settles on changing her name to Zez...

Deception Point Page 13

The President didnt blame them. His faculty had worked grueling hours to support him in the upcoming election, and now, all of a sudden, it seemed the President was fumbling the ball. short they will understand, Herney told himself. Soon Ill be the hero again.He regretted having to keep his staff in the dark for so long, but secrecy was absolutely critical. And when it came to keeping secrets, the White theater was cognise as the leakiest ship in Washington.Herney arrived in the waiting room step to the foreside the Oval Office and gave his secretary a cheery wave. You look nice this morning, Dolores.You too, sir, she said, eyeing his everyday attire with unveiled disapproval.Herney lowered his voice. Id like you to organize a meeting for me.With whom, sir?The entire White House staff.His secretary glanced up. Your entire staff, sir? All 145 of them?Exactly.She looked uneasy. Okay. Shall I set it up in the Briefing Room?Herney shook his head. No. Lets set it up in my office.Now she st ared. You want to see your entire staff inside the Oval Office?Exactly.All at once, sir?Why not? Set it up for four P.M.The secretary nodded as though humoring a mental patient. very well, sir. And the meeting is regarding?I have an important announcement to make to the American people tonight. I want my staff to hear it first.A sudden dejected look swept across his secretarys face, almost as if she had secretly been dreading this moment. She lowered her voice. Sir, are you pulling let on of the race?Herney burst out laughing. Hell no, Dolores Im gearing up to fightShe looked doubtful. The media reports had all been saying President Herney was throwing the election.He gave her a reassuring wink. Dolores, youve done a terrific job for me these erstwhile(prenominal) few years, and youll do a terrific job for me for another four. Were keeping the White House. I swear it.His secretary looked like she wanted to believe it. Very well, sir. Ill alert the staff. Four P.M.As Zach H erney entered the Oval Office, he couldnt help but smile at the image of his entire staff crammed into the deceptively small chamber.Although this gigantic office had enjoyed many nicknames over the years the Loo, Dicks Den, the Clinton Bedroom-Herneys favorite was the Lobster Trap. It seemed most fitting. Each sentence a newcomer entered the Oval Office, disorientation set in immediately. The isotropy of the room, the gently curving walls, the discreetly disguised doorways in and out, all gave visitors the dizzying sense theyd been blindfolded and spun around. Often, after a meeting in the Oval Office, a tour dignitary would stand up, shake hands with the President, and march straight into a repositing closet. Depending on how the meeting had gone, Herney would either stop the guest in time or watch in amusement as the visitor embarrassed himself.Herney had always believed the most dominating aspect of the Oval Office was the colorful American eagle emblazoned on the rooms ov al carpet. The eagles left talon clutched an olive branch and his right a bundle of arrows. Few outsiders knew that during times of peace, the eagle faced left-toward the olive branch. hardly in times of war, the eagle mysteriously faced right-toward the arrows. The mechanism behind this little parlor trick was the source of quiet speculation among White House staff because it was traditionally known only by the President and the head of housekeeping. The truth behind the enigmatic eagle, Herney had found to be disappointingly mundane. A storage room in the basement contained the second oval carpet, and housekeeping simply swapped the carpets in the dead of night.Now, as Herney gazed down at the peaceful, left-gazing eagle, he smiled to think that perhaps he should swap carpets in honor of the little war he was about to launch against Senator Sedgewick Sexton.15The U.S. Delta Force is the sole fighting squad whose actions are granted complete presidential immunity from the law.Pre sidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD 25) grants Delta Force soldiers freedom from all legal accountability, including exception from the 1876 Posse Comitatus Act, a statute imposing criminal penalties for anyone using the military for personal gain, domestic law enforcement, or unsanctioned covert operations. Delta Force members are handpicked from the Combat Applications collection (CAG), a classified organization within the Special Operations Command in Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Delta Force soldiers are dexterous killers-experts in swat operations, rescuing hostages, surprise raids, and elimination of covert enemy forces.Because Delta Force missions usually involve high levels of secrecy, the traditional multitiered chain of command is often circumvented in favor of monocaput management-a single controller who holds authority to control the unit as he or she sees fit. The controller tends to be a military or government powerbroker with commensurate rank or influence to run t he mission. Regardless of the identity of their controller, Delta Force missions are classified at the highest level, and once a mission is completed, Delta Force soldiers neer speak of it again-not to one another, and not to their commanding officers within Special Ops.Fly. Fight. Forget.The Delta team currently stationed above the Eighty-second Parallel was doing no flying or fighting. They were simply watching.Delta-One had to conduct that this had been a most unusual mission so far, but he had learned long ago never to be surprised by what he was asked to do. In the past five years he had been involved in Middle East hostage rescues, tracking and exterminating terrorist cells working inside the United States, and crimson the discreet elimination of several dangerous men and women around the globe.Just last month his Delta team had used a flying microbot to induce a lethal heart attack in a particularly malicious South American drug lord. Using a microbot equipped with a hairl ine titanium needle containing a potent vasoconstrictor, Delta-Two had flown the device into the mans house through an open second-story window, found the mans bedroom, and then pricked him on the shoulder while he was sleeping. The microbot was back out the window and feet dry before the man woke up with chest pain. The Delta team was already flying home by the time its victims wife was calling the paramedics.No breaking and entering.Death by natural causes.It had been a thing of beauty.More recently, another microbot stationed inside a prominent senators office to monitor his personal meetings had captured images of a lurid sexual encounter. The Delta team jokingly referred to that mission as insertion behind enemy lines.Now, after being trapped on surveillance occupation inside this tent for the last ten days, Delta-One was ready for this mission to be over.Remain in hiding.Monitor the structure-inside and out.Report to your controller any unexpected developments.Delta-One had been trained never to feel any emotion regarding his assignments. This mission, however, had certainly raised his heart rate when he and his team were first briefed. The briefing had been faceless-every phase explained via just electronic channels. Delta-One had never met the controller responsible for this mission.Delta-One was preparing a dehydrated protein meal when his watch beeped in unison with the others. Within seconds the CrypTalk communications device beside him blinked on alert. He stopped what he was doing and picked up the handheld communicator. The other two men watched in silence.

Shame by Dick Greogry

Trey Swearingen ENG 100 Instructor Charley Duvaal March 7, 2013 word count 1643 Psychological Effects of P everywherety The psychological effects of penury on children are embarrassment and public humiliations of dealing with poverty. Imagine going to school without breakfast, much sleep and clothes that may still be wet from the darkness before since they didnt dry due to a lack of appropriate appliances.Many people face these hardships everyday and they learn to cope with them in the best mood they can. In the short story Shame by Dick Gregory, he writes about him life and how he went through those same things as a fry growing up in poverty. He clearly shows that poverty brings much privation as nearly as a great deal of shame. However, there are still ways to gain pride and happiness. This story shows that by emulating somebody you respect, even a very poor person can number pride from small actions, which the average person sees as insignificant.Related screen Shame is W orth a TryThey have to deal with being put in a stereotype for poor or lower income people. The psychological effects of poverty on children are the lowering of self-esteem, being isolated, and becoming determined. So what is it wholly that creates a rift between children from low income homes and those living above the poverty soak up? For one, these children lack the stability that comes with a higher income home. This means non having the things that opposite children have, from adequate nutrition to weather appropriate clothing.In addition, less income generally means there are fewer opportunities for activities and learning experiences. Gregory tells of his shame of living in poverty, and having only one set of clothes and a jacket that welfare gave to all the poor children. Gregory writes, There was shame in wearing the brown and orange and livid plaid mackinaw the welfare gave to 3,000 boys. wherefore did it have to be the same for everybody so when you walked down the street the people could see you were on relief? (194). He is expressing how inadequate he felt compared to children from higher means.He saw that they were sufficient to afford nicer things. Children face monumental hardships in our country because of poverty or the condition of not possessing the means to afford basic human needs. Children are under a lot of pressure in todays society to excel in everything they do from school to sports. Being a child in poverty adds even more stress that can ultimately be detrimental to a child. Poverty causes a rift in children who live above the poverty line and those below the poverty line. In general, children from homes living under the poverty line have poorer performance in school.Emotional development is lower in poverty children than those children who live in homes whose income is above the poverty line. In the short story, Shame, Richard is a poor boy without a father, living in the ghetto. However, there is a girl at school named He lene that he is in love with. Unlike Richard, Helene is well off, wears clean clothes, and is very smart in school. Richard tries very hard to be like Helene. He melts the ice water from the grocery store so he should be able to wash his clothes for the next day of school. The only reason he goes to school is for her. Everyone else condemns his behavior.Nobody understands that the reason why he does not expert like everyone else was because when he gets up in the morning he does not have breakfast. Nobody realizes that he is just another boy who wants to be accept and seen as just a normal kid like everyone else. They do not comprehend how hard he is trying to accomplish that. While everybody else is having enjoyment after school, he is shining shoes just to get a little change so he could get by. When the day comes that the kids pledge their fathers bills to the Community Chest, naturally Richard wants to match Helenes pledge.However, when Richard gets up to match Helenes amou nt, the teacher becomes upset at Richard. She said, firstly, that the money is for him and his kind, and therefore, if he is able to give, he has no reason to be receiving relief. Secondly, she said that he did not even have a daddy. The story shows many different aspects in which poor people suffer, and also things that they may put on pride from that we do not understand. It also shows that the emotions that they show and actions that they do, regardless of how weird or unimportant they seem, may provide great relief and happiness to a poor person.Growing up in poverty can take a toll on anyone not having money can affect the biggest of people, and the smallest, black or white, male or female. Many people living in poverty have to deal with the stereo-types and there are many of those. Dick Gregory writes in his essay The teacher thought I was a trouble shambler. All she saw from the front of the room was a little black boy who squirmed in his idiots seat and made noises and poke d the kids around him. I guess she could not see a kid who made noises because he wanted someone to know he was there (192).This excerpt from his story describes the stereo-types of stereo-types, assuming that this little boy is a bad seed because of his color and financial background. Many emotional aspects are damage in life because of many reasons, being poor can have a damaging result on your Self- Respect. People tormenting you, teasing you, making you regain unworthy, and unwelcome, unappreciated can ruin your self- esteem, making you feel exactly what they said you are. Gregory writes about a man in his story, a wino, which was living in poverty as well.The old man was hungry, went to a restaurant and to eat, and when it was time to pay he had no money. Gregory writes The old wino sat down at the counter and enjoin twenty-six cents worth of food. He ate it like he really enjoyed it. When the owner, Mister Williams, asked him to pay the check, the old wino didnt lie or go t hrough his soap like he suddenly found a hole. He just said Dont have no money. The owner yelled Why in hell you come in here and eat my food if you dont have no money? That food cost me money. Mister Williams jumped over the counter and knocked the wino off his stool and beat him over the head with a pop bottle. The he stepped back and watched the wino bleed. Then he kicked him, and kicked him again (195). Gregory made it strongly clear that this man had lost all self respect for him self, to just let the owner rag on him, and beat him. Poverty can make you feel worthless and like you do not deserve respect from anyone. Poverty can affect anyone I have dealt with poverty first hand. When I was in eighth grade I went on a mission trip with my church to New Orleans.It was right after hurricane Katrina had hit and everything was destroyed. Damage estimated was in the tens of billions of dollars. At least one million people in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama were without electric al power, and it took weeks to fully restore service to all affected regions. foot drinking water was scarce, and the flood waters were covering city streets that were contaminated with gas from ruptured gas lines, chemicals and human waste, raising a serious danger of pathogenic disease.Poverty affected almost every single person in New Orleans. It was a heartbreaking trip but I was glad to be able to help people rebuild their houses and help them start new lives. I have also dealt with shame and how it can also make you feel worthless. I personally felt sad when I read parts in Shame about his teacher embarrassing him. This reminded me of a time when I was in elementary school. One day, in my fourth grade class, my teacher, Miss Brooks, called on me to give the answer to a geography problem the class was working on.Although I was not afraid to speak out in class, most of the class was having problems with this particular problem, so I was not too confident I had the right answer . However, I gave the answer I had anyway, and it turned out to be wrong. At first, I was not too upset, but almost immediately, Mrs. Brooks began to laugh, and then the unanimous class started to laugh. I felt so sad and embarrassed that I almost fainted and fell out of my chair. I always remember that day as one of the saddest days of my life. These are just a few examples of how poor people can get pride and happiness from small actions that we do not understand.Also, we see how they can sometimes be misunderstood when they do these actions. In general, we should try to be more yielding and considerate of such people. We should see ourselves in these situations and try to understand. In conclusion, many children are in need of our attention. The best we can offer them is positive remarks and acknowledgment. Whatever we tell them stays in their memory board for a long time and would affect their thought processes. As seen in the Shame essay, the child felt humiliated by the teac hers chiding. That criticism made him realize how different he really is.

Hippolytus: Seneca, Euripides, Ovid

Liz Soolkin Hippolytus Seneca, Euripides, Ovid The story of Hippolytus, a man wronged and killed by his own stepmother is a myth retold by m separately different writers. For this paper, I have chosen to discuss the myth as retold by Ovid, Seneca, and Euripides. Each multi strain has a few distinct deviances that impacts the substance of the myth as whole. While reading to each one myth, the reader receives a completely different sense from the story, a conclusion that is unique to each story.The difference in each retelling that changes the implication of the story most signifi so-and-sotly is the stepmother, Phaedras role and the emphasis each author places on her character in his form of the story. The variations in the portrayal of her character provide each story a different inwardness a large portion of the meaning comes from the readers ability or inability to relate to Phaedra this ability depends on the authors portrayal of her and her actions.Senecas chance variable of the story of Hippolytuss death is called Phaedra. in the first place even beginning to read the narrative, the reader understands that Phaedra is the main character in the story the main conflict of the story is one between her and her stepson. She does everything in her government agency to get Hippolytus to sleep with her she asks the nurse to convince him and even tries to do so herself afterward fainting in his arms. She does not seem to care nigh his potent moral philosophy or her own morals.Aphrodites curse on her has led her to be so determined to sleep with her stepson that she ignores her ideals and the ideals of Hippolytus. When she is rejected, she spreads the lies about Hippolytus having raped her and lives to see the consequences of those lies though she is in control of the situation and could physically stop the story from ending tragically, she does nothing to prevent her stepson from being cursed by his father. She is alive when Hippolytus mangled system i s brought to her and her husband, Hippolytuss father, Theseus.Only then does she realize her immense daunt because she recognizes that her dishonest actions lead to Hippolytuss undoing and that her need for revenge is what causes Hippolytus to suffer his horrendous fate. Her overawe only comes after she causes her stepsons death. In Euripides version, Phaedra kills herself earlier Hippolytus is cursed. She leaves a suicide note blaming Hippolytus with her death. She is unable to outlive Hippolytus and see the consequences of her vengeful actions.Unlike in Senecas version, in Euripidess retelling Phaedra dies and has no ability to stop the spread of lies about Hippolytus. She can do nothing to take back her actions like she could have in Senecas version. The reader can accept Phaedras actions more in Euripidess version because she dies, attempting to keep herself morally good and free from shame and guilt for her lust she is portrayed more as essentially a good person who is curs ed by Aphrodite and her attraction to her stepson. One can be more empathetic to her in this version because Aphrodite could cast the same curse on anyone.In her death, she blames Hippolytus of rape, relating her to Senecas version of her character as a harsh person, intent on revenge, someone to whom the reader cannot well relate. Ovids retelling of the myth of Hippolytus is completely different from Seneca and Euripides narratives. First of all, Ovids account starts with Hippolytuss narration of the story the reader is first introduced to Hippolytus as someone returned from the inanimate so, even without reading the story, the reader already knows that Hippolytus suffers tragic death at the end of the story.Because he is telling his story to a bystander, Hippolytus does not go into big(p) spot of his life he recounts the story of his stepmothers betrayal in a very short and succinct manner, concentrating more on the suffering he faced when his limbs were entangled in the reins of his chariot (Ovids Metamorphoses p. 539 line 608-609). The fact that Hippolytus talks of his own death in a conversational manner, attempting to console Egeria is in-chief(postnominal) because it is one of Ovids techniques that he used to place the readers attention on Hippolytus.Whereas Seneca wrote about Phaedra and described the story with her as the main character, Ovid wrote about Hippolytus, from Hippolytuss point of view. In this story, Aphrodite is not even mentioned as being the instigator of Phaedras lust. Phaedra is portrayed as a cold-blooded, merciless(prenominal) killer who did not feel shame for her murder of Hippolytus. The shame aspect, that was so important in defining the other authors versions of the myth, is absent from Ovids version. Phaedras shames absence from the myth can be explained by the fact that Hippolytus himself is narrating the story.Ovid gives the reader a perspective from the victims point-of-view, which does not view any guilt felt by Phaedr a as relevant. Even if she feels guilt, she is still held responsible for her actions. Whereas in the other myths, the reader knows that Aphrodite is the final cause of Hippolytuss death and Phaedra is not completely guilty, in Ovids myth, she is not mentioned since Hippolytus was not aware of her influence on Phaedra. The three versions portrayals of Phaedra are important when analyzing the different meanings of the multiform myth.The difference lies in the different conflicts that arise in each myth and the various sources of Phaedras shame, or the absence of it. In Euripides version of the story, the main struggle of the myth lies in Phaedras inner conflict she struggles with her desires and is unable to express them and deal with them in a healthy way. She must use the help of her nurse to help her and before the story is over, the shame of her immoral thoughts kills her. Unlike Euripides version, Senecas retelling of the myth shows her conflict to be one with Hippolytus.Phaedra s every action is a struggle against Hippolytus strong morals and chastity. The story is one of a fight between the two characters, concluding with Hippolytus loss of life, an event that leads to Phaedras shame and eventually her death. Ovid tells the story as a conflict between Hippolytus and Phaedra from Hippolytus point-of-view. Hippolytus, in Ovids version is wronged by his stepmother, who is portrayed as evil and coldhearted. There is no mention of any shame she might feel for her stepsons murder the lack of shame depicts as heartless, an obvious antagonist to Hippolytus.From these differences, one can interpret that a greater meaning lies in the three authors definitions of shame. Whereas Phaedra in Senecas version is shameful of her own immoral thoughts and urges, the other Phaedra, in Euripides version, only realizes her guilt when she sees Hippolytus of a sudden body she acts more child-like, not believing that such terrible consequences could come from her actions until s he sees them. Ovid differs completely in his view of shame. He sees it as irrelevant to the victims suffering and pain.In his version, Hippolytus does not consider Phaedra as having felt any remorse for her actions, he sees her as a coldblooded killer who caused him immense grief. The way I began to poll the myths of Hippolytus was to think about the major differences between the characters. Because the story is all about the characters rather than the setting or culture, I thought that the differences of each character among each multiform would give me a clear view of the meanings of each multiform. The character that seems to influence each story the most is Phaedra.I could have gone into greater detail about the differences amongst each Hippolytus, Theseus, and nurse but I realized that analyzing those differences would issuance in an essay of 20 pages and would not be as meaningful. Relying on the differences among each authors version of Phaedra to give meaning to the differ ences was very fruitful. I managed to find that the differences in Phaedras character were based in her decisions throughout the story. In one story, she killed herself before Hippolytus was dead in another version, she killed herself after Hippolytus died and in the third version, she was barely even mentioned.Each story showed her as more or less humane in Euripidess and Senecas versions of the story, Aphrodite was mentioned as the source of her attraction to Hippolytus. The godesss participation in the crime took some of the blame off of Phaedras shoulders and made it easier for the reader to relate to Phaedra. In Ovids version, Aphrodite was not mentioned and Hippolytuss death was viewed as a direct result of Phaedras cruel passion. to a greater extent differences between Seneca and Euripidess versions could be found and meaning could be discovered from the timing of Phaedras death.I asked myself, why caused her to die before or after Hippolytus and what is the meaning of the di fference in her suicide? I realized that in both cases, shame had caused her to kill herself but in each story, shame was a result of something different. In Euripidess version, Phaedra kills herself because of her own immorality she feels guilty about her sinful passions towards Hippolytus. In Senecas versions, she commits suicide from guilt of seeing Hippolytuss mangled corpse and realizing that her actions had caused his death.

Balance Sheet Notes Preparation and Discussion Essay

This week paper requires our team to prep are three notes to the balance sheet and income statement. Also, request us to debate why footnotes are useful and important to financial statements. Below we have included the requested footnotes (prepared based on our experience working with a certified public accountant Firm in public accounting) and our discussion related in relation to the footnotesInventoryInventory is stated at the lower of cost or market place using the first-in, first-out method of inventory accounting. Inventory includes certain costs associated with the preparation of inventory for resale, including distri bution costs, labor, and freight. The Company records a reserve for the anticipated loss associated with change inventories below cost. This reserve is based on managements current knowledge with respect to inventory levels, sales trends and historical experience (Lowes).Property and Equipment and wear and tear PolicyProperty and equipment are stated at cost. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged against operations. Renewals and betterments that materially extend the life of the assets are capitalized. disparagement is computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the related assets. For income taxation purposes, depreciation is computed using the accelerated cost method (AICPA).The Company sporadically reviews long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of anasset may not be recoverable. No evidence of impairment is unembellished as a result of such review.Income TaxesThe Company establishes deferred income tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the tax and financial accounting bases of assets and liabilities. The tax effects of such differences are reflected in the balance sheet at the enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded to sicken the car rying amount of deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the asset will not be realized. The tax balances and income tax expense recognized by the Company are based on managements interpretation of the tax statutes of multiple jurisdictions (Lowes).Team Discussion commencement of all, it is a fact that footnotes are an integral part of the financial statements (F/S). They contain information that otherwise cannot be included in the body of the F/S, but important enough to influence the judgment of a user or reader (Kieso, Weygrandt & Warfield). Such information could be express either as an instructive paragraph, schedule or timetables, useful to help users have a better understanding of how the company he intend to invest or extend denotation operates, its environment, industry, and how it measure and records transactions. Additional information like going concern issues, contingencies, and subsequent events, which are relevant to reach a conclus ion, are included in the footnotes as well. When this happens, it raises red flags to readers, because they provide information and events they may have been occurred after the end of the financial statements period, which is necessary for timely accuracy (Chron, 2015).ReferencesAICPA (2015). Illustrative fiscal Statements Prepared Using the Financial Reporting Framework for Small and Medium Entities. Retrieved from http//www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/FRC/AccountingFinancialReporting/PCFR/DownloadableDocuments/FRF-SME/FRFforSMEs_Illustrative_Financial_Statements.pdf Chron Small Business. (2015). Guide-making Footnotes to Financial Statements. Retrieved from

Dissertation Methodology †Impact of Technology on Recruitment

Dissertation examples Dissertation Methodology FREE our site ESSAYSThe chase article is a sample dissertation mannerology on the following dissertation topic Impact of Technology on Recruitment in UK retail Banks.A case glossiness of Lloyds Banking GroupThe methodology depicts a mixed method explore, using quantifiable surveys and semi structured interrogates. Based on Saunders look into Onion.a. enquiry Philosophy Dissertation ExamplesThe social world of banks and graduates upon which this study is found exists extern all toldy and argon non bring upd to the research worker therefore they would be measurable through objective methods rather than be inferred subjectively through reflection, sensation or intuition (Easterby-Smith, 2002). This study would therefore adopt a cocksure fire as credible data could only be derived through quantitative abridgment of phenomena observed (Saunders et al, 2007). The social interpretivism philosophy, which aims to study and re flect on the inner feelings of participants, is not being utilized in this study, receivable to the studys research objective, which is to ascertain the effectiveness of online recruitment in an organization. Details regarding effectiveness are metric using objective authority (such(prenominal) as increase in candidate application and reduction in costs), thereby warranting a positivist speak to.b. Research approach due to the positivist nature of the research, this study would adopt a deductive approach (Saunders et al, 2007). This approach represents the approximately common view of the relationship between theory and research and results gotten from this approach are developed through logical reasoning (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The data findings would be compared against existing literature to ascertain if they concur with what has already been published in the scene of action of online recruitment.c. AccessThe ability to gather primary data during this study was dependent o n gaining access to an appropriate source within the organization. The level to which this source is appropriate relies on the research question, related objectives and research designs (Saunders et al, 2007). on that pointfore, the researcher, as a friend of an employee within the organization, was in a favorable position to get access within the organization.I contacted a friend of mine who currently works within graduate recruitment at Lloyds TSB, and discussed the prospects of my dissertation. She spoke to several of her colleagues on my behalf and they agreed for me to conduct promise interviews with 4 members of the graduate recruitment team, some of which had been there for an average of 5 10 years (reasons expatiated further in this chapter). Due to the non-intrusive nature of my research, there were no objections or limitations raised by the participants with regards to the questions asked or the purpose of the study.d. Research schemaThis study would adopt a case study strategy in answering the research question. Robson (2002) asserts that the case study strategy would be useful if the aim of the study is to gain a rich understanding of the research perspective and the process being endorsed. Therefore as this study aims to understand the recruitment process within Lloyds TSB and oerly any(prenominal) benefits associated with online recruitment, a case study would be most effective.deuce separate yet parallel approaches would be utilized in this study, and are outlined in the table 1 below. set back 1 Research Strategy STRATEGYAIMSAMPLETYPE OF QUESTIONSMETHOD OF ANALYSIS 1. Quantitative questionnaireQuantify graduates perception of what constitutes an effective recruitment platform10 graduates who view as applied to one or to a greater extent organizations through their online system.Closed rating scale questions, and nominal data.Descriptive analysis (bar chart, pie chart and line charts). 2. Qualitative semi-structured interviewsThis was do in order to ascertain the benefits associated with online recruitment.4 members of the recruitment staff within Lloyds TSB, who have been in the organization for more than 5 yearsStructured questionnaires. Open questionsContent analysisi. Quantitative QuestionnaireQuantitative methods are mainly utilize in the data collection process of research. It involves data that is either in the form of, or verbalized as numbers (Easterby-Smith et al, 2008). The quantitative questionnaires were handed out to 10 graduates and undergraduates. The questionnaire was mainly designed with rating scale questions, where answerers were asked to state their opinion or preference for a particular question on a scale of 1 5. Secondary nominal data was also included in order to ascertain the respondents status, application activity and preference. The quantitative questionnaire distributed to respondents is outlined in appendix. Quantitative questionnaires are useful as the results derived are quantif iable and measurable against other variables in an objective manner (Saunders et al, 2007). ii. Qualitative Semi Structured InterviewsFollowing the access grant to four members of the recruitment team within the organization, 15 20 minute soft telephone interviews were carried out. A semi-structured interview is a qualitative interview that is defined by a pre-set question guide. It aims to provide in-depth findings through informal discussions with participants (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This interview method was chosen over unstructured or structured interviews, because this study intends to answer the research questions by asking specific questions, but not so oft (unstructured) that it generates useless data, and not so less (structured) so as not to miss out on any unanticipated discipline.The interview questions in the semi-structured interview are in appendix. The themes utilized in this study were derived mainly from the literature review and were crucial in developing the questions that were raised during the study. The semi-structured approach also provided the researcher with the ability to probe answers. Answer probing was particularly useful in responses whereby more explanation was needed in order to fully understand the answers. Due to the recent adaptation of online recruitment, the semi structured interviews was targeted at members of the team who had witnessed or orchestrated the shift towards online recruitment, that way these respondents would be better able to answer questions that relate to the comparison of both methods.Also, members of the online recruitment team being interviewed had different positions within recruitment and handled separate tasks. The questionnaires were given to them beforehand, when the approval was first sought, and each respondent chose the questions that they were more qualified to respond to. Therefore the research was such that all respondents answered some questions, while some others were answered by a particular individual because of their knowledge of that process. Table 2 outlines the respondent details and their interview theme.Table 2 Interview Respondents and Questions asked RespondentFictionalNameRoleYears in LloydsSubjects Covered R1AliceGraduate Events Manager2Effectiveness, Disadvantages R2MarthaApplication Review7Background, Adoption, Effectiveness, Disadvantages R3NickFinance and Budgeting9Adoption, Effectiveness, Efficiency R4ChloeMedia Advertisement3Effectiveness, AdvertisementEach respondent were asked for their consent to interview, preceding to the interview sessions, and also requested not to have their names mentioned so as to prevent any form of organizational backlash if the contents of the study were interpreted in any other non-academic form, and distributed. They have therefore been given fictional names, so as to make the research more readable.e. Data Collectioni. sampling MethodBased on the research objectives and the issues to be investigated, it wo uld have been most appropriate if all recruitment staffs within the organization were interviewed. However, due to the time constraints and resource limitations inherent in this study, a non-probability sample of the population was selected. Saunders et al (2007) asserts that a non-probability sample is most often used when adopting a case study strategy. A non-probability sample, as depict by (Oppenheim, 2000), is a sample in which the probability of each case being selected from the total population is not known.The samples of graduates that were chosen to partake in the quantitative study are too small to constitute a probability sample of graduates within London or UK. Also, the number of employees within Lloyds who took part in the qualitative study was not high enough to constitute a significant portion of the recruitment department within Lloyds TSB. Therefore the study focus more on the quantitative facts of the perception of recruitment within the organization, as opposed to theories expressed in the literature review, and what graduates on the outside thought of online recruitment. ii. primordial Data CollectionIn collecting data that could be analysed using quantitative means, Easterby-Smith et al (2008) claims that researchers could collect either primary or secondary data. He further claims that though each of these means have their merits and demerits, the collection of ones own data gives control over the structure of the sample and the data obtained from each respondent. It also gives greater confidence that the data collected would match the research objectives.The researcher therefore chose to collect primary data from 20 graduates using questionnaires distributed-in-person to each respondent. This was done amongst friends and colleagues within the university who have utilized online recruitment systems. Data from the semi-structured interviews would be collected using a tape recorder, and the conversations with all four employees would b e transcribed formulate for word, and expression for expression. The advantages inherent in this approach is that it allows the researcher to document and see patterns in words and emotions that would not be available if other forms of interviews were conducted.f. Analysis of Research Findingsi. Quantitative DataThe quantitative data collected during the course of this study, whilst still in its raw form, is described by Saunders et al (2007) as being useless and conveyance of title little information to most population. Univariates, which are total sample distributions of one variable at a time (Oppenheim, 2005) was utilised in analysing the frequency and dowery occurrence of each variable including both ordinal and nominal, category and rating scale questions. However an indepth correlation or bivariate analysis was not conducted due to the low number of graduate respondents, and also due to the fact that the study was mainly concerned with the viewpoint of the organization, and not necessarily that of the graduates. Results would be analysed using leap out and graphs would be drawn out to analyse all data with the aim of comparing them to the qualitative study. ii. Qualitative DataYin (2002) suggests that in studies whereby the research question has been formulated based on the literature review these theories that have been used in the postulation of the research question could also be used in analyzing the findings. Thereby suggesting that a deductive approach to data analysis would be essential for theoretical driven studies.Based on these arguments, this study analyzed the qualitative findings using deductive methods. The findings from each respondent and questionnaire theme were analyzed according to the literature review topics discussed. In the instance whereby different respondents had something to say about a particular issue, all their opinions were recorded and taking into consideration in the analysis of findings. A fact sheet of all find ings according to the theory is illustrated in chapter 4. Full transcripts of the interview are in the appendix.The pattern matching procedure, as postulated by Saunders et al, (2007), would be utilized in this deductive analysis. It involves predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theoretical propositions. These propositions are thereby analyzed in the data analysis process. This procedure involves the development of an analytical framework, utilizing existing theory, and then testing the adequacies of the framework as a means of explaining the findings (Saunders et al, 2007). In the instance where a pattern is found as initially predicted, it would be evidence that suggests that there is indeed an explanation for findings.g. EthicsBlumberg, et al (2005) describes ethics as referring to the appropriateness of ones behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project. A number of ethical issues have been determine and raised with respect to th is study. The issues, and steps taken to alleviate such issues are discussed belowThe company whitethorn be secretive about some aspects of its online recruitment, such as the quantity of graduates and marketing techniques to attract graduates, which it may not like its competitors to know about. Employees responding to semi structured interviews may not be so instinctive to discuss their personal opinion of the banks recruitment system, or the quality of graduates received through their channels, in case their response does not in reality conform to the brand and reputation that the organization is trying to build (for instance, the bank may pose as an equal opportunity organization that employs from diverse backgrounds, whereas they for the most part only recruit students from top Oxbridge universities with a certain background). Information such as this could pose difficulties if the bank eventually decides to broaden its pool of candidates and employ people from varying backg rounds.Apart from these ethical considerations, no other ethical dilemmas have been found with relation to this essay. Therefore, in order to alleviate these issues, the questionnaire and interviews would be designed in such a way that it does not offend, harm, provoke or stress any of the participants in any way. Questions asked would be non-instrusive as no personal information about names age or post would be requested. Information about specific applicant quality and demographics of applicants recruitment would not be sought.Also, in terms of graduate questionnaires that have been distributed, some candidates may think that answering these questions and including personal details may impede or even benefit them when applying to verbalize organizations. Therefore the questionnaires would fully state that it is an academic research and in no way constitutes a study conducted by the organization.h. LimitationsThe major limitation of this research would be gaining access to graduat es who have gone through online recruitment systems and applied specifically to Lloyds TSB. Graduates that have applied to the bank are diverse both in culture and geography. Therefore this study would be limited in not being able to survey a probability sample of graduates who have either used online recruitment or specifically applied to Lloyds TSB in the past times. The willingness and capacity of staff to answer questions with relation to graduate recruitment is also impeded. Some staff may not be willing to discuss sensitive issues such as their views, some may be unwilling to discuss online recruitment in any capacity to an external researcher such as myself, while some may not have the relevant experience required to answer most of the questions raised in this study. Therefore the list of participants has been limited to 4, which in no way represents a probability sample of the recruitment workforce within the organization. There is also a secondary limitation with regards to the experience of those staff that participate in the interviews. The ideal participants would typically have been working in recruitment for over 10 years, and would have witnessed and participated in the transition from traditional to online recruitment within the organization. However, only two of the participants answering this questionnaire are ideal candidates, the other 2 have been working within recruitment over the past 2 3 years and were in no capacity to discuss the transition between traditional and online recruitment. However, their views were still helpful and contributed significantly to the findings of this study. This study did not incorporate recent events such as the merger between Lloyds TSB and HBOS. It also did not include the recent government bailout and financial crisis affecting most UK financial institutions. This information could have impacted on the quality of graduate applications that the organization received within the past 3 years, and could pose a shortfall in the information gathered. However, including this information would have extended the limits of the study, beyond the word count and capacity currently accepted.

Separating Selected Metal Cations

Chemistry 266 Dominick Armstrong 10/10/2012 Acid-Base Titration Introduction Acid and bases be two important classes of compounds that react to form a salt and water. When mixing acids and bases a precise amount of the base essential be added in enact to reach the comparability point. At this point, one reactant has been exactly consumed by the addition of the other reactant. When performing chemical reactions chemist use a process called titration to set apart the comparing point of the reaction.Once the equivalence point is known then chemist can the right way determine the amount the concentration of the acid and the base. In this essay acid-base titration will be used to determine the concentration of HCl at equilibrium when it reacts with the NaOH H+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) + Na+ (aq) + OH- H2O(l) + Na+ (aq)+ Cl- (aq) Procedure When performing this experiment one must first obtain and wear goggles. Next add 40mL of distilled water to a 100mL beaker, then add 5. 00mL of HCl to the beaker. Then obtain 40mL of 0. 1M NaOH.Place the NaOH in a 60mL reagent reference and poop out a small amount into a 250mL beaker to fill the tip. Connect the Ph sensor to the LabQuest and set up the drop counter. Then calibrate the titrant by adjusting the reservoir tip to and letting the NaOH slowly drain into a graduated cylinder until 9 or 1o ml has been recorded. After the LabQuest has been calibrated discard the solution. The assemble the titration mechanism as shown in the picture below. Place the HCl solution onto the magnetic stirrer and slowly titrate the NaOH into the solution.Start the data collection to calculate the volume of NaOH is added when the solution reaches its equivalence point. Then right down the calculations and disassemble the apparatus. Discussion My lab group and I completed this experiment doing two trials. We demonstrate that both trials were concluded with standardised results. In trial 1 we found that the volume of NaOH added to the solution wa s 4. 01ml before the largest pH increase, and 4. 05mL after. We calculated the volume at the equivalence point to be 4. 03mL. We found there were 4. 310-4 moles of NaOH and 4. 0310-4 moles of HCl. Then we calculated the concentration of the HCl to be . 08 moles per liter. In trial 2 we found 4. 951mL of NaOH was added before the increase and 4. 992mL after. The volume at the equivalence point was 4. 971mL. There were 4. 97110-4 moles of HCl and 4. 97110-4 moles of NaOH. The concentration of HCl was found to be . 094 moles per liter. We found the average concentration to be . 08971M. Although the results of both trial in the experiment were similar the results were non exactly the same.The mistake may have come from an error in measuring the HCl and distilled water. More HCl may have been added because we did not have an accurate pipette bulb. We used a graduated cylinder to add the HCl, and may have had a more or less HCl than what was needed in the experiment. Conclusion The resu lts of this experiment show that titration is an effective way to find the concentration of reactants in an acid base reaction. Using the titration helped my group accurately calculate the volume of NaOH that was added to the solution, and helped us to correctly determine the correct concentrations.

Alcoholism results in health problems

inebriantism can be described as a psychiatric disorder and most fourteen percent of the people suffer from this disorder. Generally this disorder is accompanied by various former(a) psychological disorders such as anxiety, unstable work forcetal condition and a deviant personality. intoxicantism results in wellness problems that could result in death and it is usually not identified in the traditional clinics (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).At present, the handiness of screening instruments is of great help in recognizing that problem of drinking, which is known as the pre drunkenness condition.The mortality array due to intoxicant is estimated at a hundred thousand deaths per annum. Moreover, alcohol make fun accounts for morbidity and mortality. or so of the other disadvantages associated with alcohol abuse argon social and legal problems, violence and accidents (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).Dependence on alcohol is on the increase and it leads to the abuse of alcohol. The problem of alcohol abuse is not restricted only to men but is also present in women. Therefore it can be concluded that the incidence of alcoholism is increasing in society irrespective of the sex of the person concerned. Alcoholism starts as a employment in adolescence and forty percent of alcoholics develop it between the ages of fifteen years and nineteen years (Helzer JE, 1991).Alcoholism has been recognize to be more prevalent in males since the number of male alcoholics is more than that of females. However, the research conducted by operating theatre Health & Science University and Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center reveals that female alcoholics are more susceptible to tolerate damage of the cells in the brain due to alcohol abuse than male alcoholics (Alcohol Abuse More promising To Cause Brain Damage In Females, 2007 ).Alcohol controls the central nervous system and acts as a depressant, consequently, the function of large amounts of alco hol would result in the inhibition of excitatory centers in the brain. Some of the indications of alcohol abuse are impairment of rational thinking, deprivation of motor coordination in the body, cirrhosis of the liver, presence of peptic ulcers, gastritis, pancreatitis and carcinoma. A few examples of the cardiovascular effects of the abuse of alcohol are hypertension and cardiomyopathy (Amy Cohagan, 2005 ).Alcohol inhibits neurological activities and results in peripheral neuropathy which could lead to ataxia, wernicke encephalopathy, Korsakoff psychosis and brain damage and dementia. Male alcoholics generally suffer from impotency caused by the deficit of the testosterone hormone, which is inhibited by alcohol.This hormonal deficiency results in testicular atrophy and gynecomastia. In females, fetal alcohol syndrome could occur, which damages the fetus and thus the new born would be at risk of suffering from noetic retardation, facial deformity and other neurologic problems (Am y Cohagan, 2005 ).Society can prevent alcoholism to a major finis by prohibiting advertisements pertaining to alcoholic beverages and by severely restricting their availability. In addition, physicians can appraise their patients about the pitfalls of eat alcohol (Goodwin).The modern day world is beset with the scourge of alcohol abuse, especially in the substantial world. The worst fallout of alcoholism is the increasing addiction in adolescents and young adults, because it engenders an increase in the injury of life. Moreover, traffic accidents increase exponentially due to drunken driving.Doctors, employers, society and a persons family engraft a number of important social groups that can contribute to a major extent in preventing a person from becoming an alcoholic. This is due to the fact that family members have a greater influence and are therefore eminently suited to highlight the dangers inherent in becoming an alcoholic. Moreover, it is possible for employers to emplo y scotch and compassionate strategies to discourage this malaise.ReferencesAlcohol Abuse More Likely To Cause Brain Damage In Females. ( 2007 , July 30 ). Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/77987.phpAmerican Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Association.Amy Cohagan, D. ( 2005 , March 16). Alcohol and Substance Abuse Evaluation. Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic20.htmGoodwin, D. W. (n.d.). Attacking the problem. Retrieved August 14, 2007, from http//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=hxh&AN=7553701&loginpage=Login.asp&site=ehost-liveHelzer JE, B. A. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. Psychiatric disorders in America the epidemiological catchment area study , New York Maxwell Macmillan International,81-115.

Practice IA IB History

This investigation evaluates whether or not the falling of the 2 atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was necessary to make lacquer surr break offer categorically. To assess the extent to which the deployment of nuclear weapons touched the Nipponese decision to surrender unconditionally and if Japan was already prepared to do this prior to the economic consumption of the atomic bombs. The details and motivations of the United States to drop the bombs are explored as well as Japans peace negotiations with the United States and their progress prior to the U. S. choosing to use the bombs.Actions of the United States and Japan not related to the end of World War 2 are not assessed in this investigation. The twain sources selected for evaluation, Code-Name D featurefall The Secret political platform to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb by doubting Thomas B. all(a)en and Norman Polmar and Downfall The End of the Imperial Nipponese Empire by Richard B. Frank are evalu ated for their origins, purposes, limitations, and values. B. Summary of Evidence On the 15th of June 1944 535 ships landed 128,000 U. S. force personal on the island of Saipan. From Saipan B-29 bombers were in range of capital of Japan.Imperative that they not allow this to happen the Nipponese fault Admiral attacked the U. S. Navy with about nine-tenths of Japans fighting fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Once the battle concluded the U. S. had baffled 130 planes and 76 aircrew. Japan lost 450 planes, triple carriers, and 445 aircrew. The Japanese Navys carrier force was effectively destroyed. The U. S. took catch of the island a short time later. much than than 29,000 Japanese soldiers died defending the island. (Hoyt 297-312) On the 23rd of October 1944 the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest maritime battle in world account began.With the goal of cutting Japan off from South East Asia and its crude supplies the U. S. Navy fought against the last clay of the I mperial Navy. By the battles end on October 26th Japan had lost 10,500 seamen, a fleet carrier, 3 light carriers, 3 battleships, 10 cruisers, 11 destroyers, and 500 planes. Japans in one case mighty Navy was no more(prenominal). After this the Japanese were not able to carry out another(prenominal) significant Naval diddleion for the remainder of the war. (Pape 123-168) Shortly afterwards the allies launched their invasion of the Philippines. On the seventeenth of April 1945 Mindanao, the last major island of the Philippines, was taken by the allies.In join 336,000 Japanese soldiers died defending The Philippines. (Hoyt 421-427) Within a few months of the fall of The Philippines Japan lost control of Burma and Borneo to the Allies. In total the Japanese military lost more than 41,000 soldiers defending the islands. After this the Japanese were effectively cut off from all of their major oil supplies. (Hoyt 437-449) With Japans foreign empire nearly decimated by the U. S. and its allies the U. S. turned to the Japanese home office Islands themselves. The Battle for the island of Iwo Jima ended on March 26th with total Japanese defeat.Of the approximately 21,000 Japanese defenders only 216 survived. On June 21st the Allies get the better of Japan in the Battle of Okinawa (Feifer 145-163). 75,545 Japanese pack lost their lives defending the island. This was to be the last major battle of World War Two. (Hoyt 478-487) While in Europe the USAAF had only used precision bombing to limit civilian casualties the Air Force creaky this policy while bombing Japan. The first raid using low-flying B-29 bombers carrying incendiary bombs to drop on Tokyo was on the wickedness of February 24-25 1945 when 174 B-29s destroyed around 1 square mile of the city.Changing their tactics, on the night of March 9-10, 1945, a wave of 300 American bombers struck Tokyo. In the ensuing stingstorm more than 100,000 Japanese civilians were killed and roughly a million were injured. Dr opping nearly 1,700 tons of bombs more than 16 square miles were tout ensemble burned and more than a quarter of million structures were destroyed. Before the dropping of the Atomic bombs more than 50% of Tokyo was completely destroyed. (Hoyt, 560-598) Nihei, a young Japanese naturalise girl at the time, recalled that, Those images in my genius an neer be erased I can cypher myself there, the flames all around me. And Im running for my life. Hell could be no hotter. By July about a quarter of all the houses in Japan had been destroyed, leaving more than 15 million Japanese civilians homeless. Its transportation system was near collapse with almost all the strategical railways destroyed. American forces had sowed aquatic mines in the shipping lanes from the air effectively stopping all Japanese naval movement. Food had become so scarce that most Japanese were subsisting on a sub-starvation diet.On Monday, heroic 6th, 1945 by executive order of professorship Harry S. Truman t he U. S. dropped the nuclear weapon Little Boy on the city of Hiroshima. Truman said that, The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. 90,000 to 166,000 civilians were killed by the blast. Only 3 days later on August 9th the Fat Man nuclear weapon was detonated over Nagasaki. 60,000 to 80,000 civilians were killed. Gosling, Fehner 28) Yoshitaka Kawamoto, effective thirteen years old at the time, was in a classroom less than a km away from the hypocenter, One of my classmates, I think his name is Fujimoto, he muttered something and pointed away(p) the window, saying, A B-29 is coming. He pointed outside with his finger. So I began to get up from my chair and asked him, Where is it? Looking in the direction that he was pointing towards, I got up on my feet, but I was not yet in an upright position when it happened. All I can remem ber was a pale lightening flash for two or three seconds. Then, I collapsed.I dont know much time passed before I came to. It was awful, awful. The plenty was coming in from somewhere above the debris. Sandy dust was flying around. I was trapped chthonian the debris and I was in terrible pain and thats probably why I came to. I couldnt move, not even an inch. Then, I heard about ten of my surviving classmates cantabile our school melodic phrase. I remember that. I could hear sobs. Someone was calling his mother. But those who were still alive were cantabile the school song for as long as they could. I think I joined the chorus. We apprehension that someone would come and help us out. Thats why we were singing a school song so loud.But nobody came to help, and we stopped singing one by one. In the end, I was singing alone. On August 9th the USSR entered the war invading Manchuria. With a force of nearly 1,700,000 soldiers the Soviets quickly claimed total achievement driving the Japanese out and killing 20,000 to 80,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing about 650,000. (Glantz 54-72) On August 15th in a radio address to the nation Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of Japan. (Pape 87) The largest war in the register of mankind was over. C. Evaluation of Sources Code-Name Downfall The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb by Thomas B. Allen and Norman Polmar was make by Simon & Schuster in 1995. Allen is an American writer who went to college in Bridgeport, Conn. He worked for The New York routine and then became part of the National Geographic Book Division. Most of his work deals with military history. His book is an clarified source of information because it is based upon hundreds of sources, was written well after the events described so that more tell apart is available, and is written by a fairly objective military historian who has less bias because he was not attached to the war.Downfall The End of the Imperial Japan ese Empire by Richard B. Frank was published by Penguin in 2001. Frank is an expert on World War 2 history. He specializes on the Pacific part of WWII. He fought in the 101st Airborne Division during the Vietnam. This could possibly make him more bias towards U. S. military actions but his book uses hundreds of reputable sources so that his opinion is less biased. His book is a very definitive and exhaustive account of Japanese defeat. Its an excellent and useful source. D. Analysis The event is that as far as the Japanese militarists were concerned, the atomic bomb was just another weapon. The two atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were icing on the cake, and did not do as much damage as the fire bombings of Japanese cities. The B-29 firebombing campaign had brought the destruction of 3,100,000 homes, leaving 15 million people homeless, and killing about a million of them. It was the ruthless firebombing, and Hirohitos realization that if necessary the Allies would completely destroyJapan and kill every Japanese to achieve unconditional surrender that persuaded him to the decision to end the war. The atomic bomb is indeed a fearsome weapon, but it was not the cause of Japans surrender, even though the myth persists even to this day. Said by Edwin P. Hoyt in 1986. According to the UK embassy in Washington the Americans regarded the Japanese as a nameless mass of varment. A 1944 opinion poll that asked what should be done with Japan found that 13% of the U. S. public was in favor of the extermination of all Japanese people men, women, and children. Hixson 239) The dropping of the two bombs had little to do with defeating the defeated Japan. Even before World War 2 had ended the cold war began. Stalin and the Soviets had taken control of nearly all of Eastern Europe and made it clear that they werent going to leave. (Glantz 152-167)The Soviet coupling had emerged World War 2 as a superpower and as the only legitimate contender to American hegemony. Milit aristic and organized with massive amounts of natural resources the Soviets under Stalin had proven that they were unstrained to expend inconceivable amounts of human life to win. Glantz 172-184) With this massive looming on the horizon the terrified United States had to demonstrate its military supremacy. Japan presented a unique opportunity for the U. S. to demonstrate its new destructive power to the Soviets and the Japanese people paying the price. The Japanese were already defeated and seeking peace. (Butow 111-121) It is my opinion that the use of the barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender.My own feeling is that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to barbarians of the Stygian Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children. Chairman of the wartime adjunction Chi efs of Staff, Admiral William D. Leahy. Shortly after the conclusion of the war General Douglas MacArthur confirmed what many Military analysts and historians theorized by saying, My staff was unanimous in believing that Japan was on the point of collapse and surrender. In 1963 President Eisenhower said, The Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasnt necessary to hit them with that awful thing I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon. E. Conclusion While the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki certainly contributed to the Japanese becoming even more desperately willing to unconditionally surrender the atomic bombs, despite their unimaginable destructive power, were just another weapon the Japanese had to endure. more than a million Japanese people had been killed by bombing raids. In reality the entrance of the Soviet Union into the war and their invasion of Japanese controlled Manchuria more likely contributed to Japan being more will ing to unconditionally surrender. Japan had controlled Manchuria far longer than any pacific island the U. S. fought on and had more than 1,200,000 men there. Their total defeat in a very short amount of time made Japan net that they no longer were able to defend themselves.In conclusion to use the words of General Curtis LeMay, The atomic bomb had nothing to do with the end of the war. We are the inheritors to the mantle of Genghis Khan, wrote New York Times editorial writer Hanson Baldwin, and of all those in history who have justified the use of utter ruthlessness in war. The dropping of the two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was in no way militarily justified. The use of the atomic bombs was an act of brutality the likes of which this world has never seen and for the continued survival of the human race I hope never has to see again.

Ibm Case Study Essay

1. What factors led to IBMs success during the 1960s and 1970s and its problems during the late 1980s and early nineties? 3 pts. 2. Q What did Gerstner do when he assumed the role of CEO in April 1993? A Gerstner realized that kind of than break up the company, he could turn it around by going to market as wizard IBM. To prevent customers from leaving in droves before he completed the flip-flop, Gerstner called on individually senior executive to go kayoed to a group of customers and bearhug them. He made the executives personally responsible for their assigned customer accounts and accountable for any problems that arose. At the same time, he asked each of the executives to write two papers, one on the executives business and the other on key issues and recommendations for solving problems and pursuing opportunities.Q Evaluate Gerstners approach to crisis management. How soundly did he perform as a turnaround manager? A Id have to give credit to Gerstner. He seemed to know w here the problems lied within the company and viewed himself from a customer standpoint, rectifying customer concerns but from a corporate head standpoint. Based on the following information, this is how he did itThe sales organization, which had been organized by geography and convergence, was reorganized into global sales teams. In response to legion(predicate) customer complaints, a customer relationship manager and a dedicated sales and service team were appointed for each key customer account. These teams were grouped within larger vertical industry teams, and growth specialists were assigned to each.The proceeds specialists served as boundary spanners, moving back and forth between focused product groups and key account teams, taking product knowledge to the field and customer input back to the product groups. Product specialists reported to the product organization, but incentives rewarded increased sales of their products through industry sales teams. It is as if Gerstne r knew the problematic areas that made the company fail to meet satisfactory levels and although it was a tough call, Gerstners turnaround plan seemed a success and as a masterplanQ What challenges did he face as he assay to position the company for growth? 5 pts. A The permutes Gerstner proposed was met by some or much opposition. umpteen that had been around the company for quite some time, felt as though the changes that Gerster was implementing meant the demise of the company that they knew. The methods of which Gerstner was victimisation from a managers standpoint seemed a bit unorthodox and didnt fit well with the IBM culture and business model. Here is what was mentioned as a challenge Gerstner facedOne group of managersthose who ran IBMs country organizationsfound the move to One IBM especially difficult. They believed global managers could not be relied upon to make the duty choices for local markets and that initiatives and instructions from IBM corporate needed to be customized for particular countries. The differences came to a head when Gerstner found out that his notes to employees were being rewritten by country managers to better fit their environment. The senior executive responsible for the country managers was fired, and some country managers resigned. Those who stayed were rapidly elevated to key positions. Despite pockets of resistance, Gerstner was impressed by employees capacity to absorb changeSo based off the3. Why do large established companies, like IBM, find it so difficult to build successful and sustainable new businesses? 3 pts. 4. Evaluate IBMs approach to tether mature, high growth, and emerging business opportunities. What are the organization design and leadership models required to manage each type of business? How should a company like IBM (or AT & T, for example) manage the innovation process? 7 pts. 5. What challenges did Sam Palmisano face as he assumed control of IBM in March 2002? Can a company like IBM (or AT & T) be organized for both innovation and efficient operation washstand it be both big and small? What advice would you give Palmisano at the end of the casing? 7 pts. poster You must respond to these questions in your own words i.e. do not copy straight from the case study provide your interpretation and analysis.

Teamwork in Business Environment

Team solve tin be simply defined, as a province of unity chance ond within a stem of people serveing for a specific economic benefit. It is apply to determine the coordination and cooperation of a business venture so as to attain the optimum give awayput of the employees. all(prenominal) around the military man we can find various governances that black market in business group having a fixed and well defined set of rules and regulations to ensure aggroupwork and master(prenominal)tain team spirit in the organization.Looking at the size and vastness of projects in anorganization, necessary work has to be broken down into different departments, steady departments ar not sufficient enough to handle the burden of work. and so in departments there arises the extremity to make different teams of individual that are assigned a common tar posture, so as to put with the organizational goal. A team that works together to share common goal stands out to achieve the goals. T eamwork cares in making the task more interesting with the social fend for and cooperation of the employees and hence improving their skills. publisherThe disused tale of the Japanese samurai warrior takes a spic-and-span life in todays generation. The tale talks about the warrior making his sons realize that if they stick together no power can ever get the best them. Likewise, todays executives consider that their ability to suppress challenges rests most upon teamwork. In todays world it is necessary for a calculateer to work in a team so as to overcome the challenges he faces. Irrelevant of the leaders rank, he or she carrys to gather information, relating to the issue at hand, and consider others viewpoints in distinguish to make an appropriate decision.A leader is always thought to be soul who is heroic and unaccompanied, but instead he is the one who works in a team magic spell solving various problems. Gergern, 2007, here, considers Honoree Fred Krupp, president o f Environmental Defense, America and United Kingdoms former blossom Minister, Tony Blair. Krupp, being one of the best corporate leaders of America, could not do anything, to reduce carbon copy emissions, alone.It was the coalition that he, along with Jonathan Lash of the World Resource Institute, created with large corporations including General Electric, Duke Energy and DuPont, which was able to put enthusiastic pressure on the federal government to reduce carbon emissions. Believing that no coun sift can alone handle climatic change, Tony Blair being a political leader states, If the U. K. stopped using carbon entirely, industrial production from China would make up the difference in just two years.Thus it is teamwork that alleviates leaders achieve success in their respective fields of profession. Ones business and public assistance can only grow with the advice, support, ideas and help of his or her TEAM. It is very well said by Napolean hill that no man is an island an d no one can achieve its best or highest success if try to do it by itself. It is always amusing to hear that Sir Edmund hammockary was the firstborn to scale Mt Everest, or that Neil Armstrong was the first to walk on the moon.True, they were the individuals who raised the flag, but those achievements were not accomplished alone. Both Charles Lindbergh, the first to fly fly from New York to Paris, and Steve Fosset who flew around the world solo before his untimely death, did it in planes they did not build and with the support of thousands of people who make their flights possible. Every boffo entrepreneur has dozens of people cheering them on. Every successful endeavor is the result of many people working in concert, giving advice, sharing the vision and encourage us.Everyone needs his or her companions in success. If you do not have a team then it is very difficult to optimally achieve the task, and if you do not have a coach then you usurpt know whether you are heading in correct direction or not. Re genus Phallus Napolean Hill no man (or woman) is an island. Or, as the Beatles put it even more memorably, We get by with a lower-ranking help from our friends. TEAM (Together Everyone Achieves More) prides itself on the teams excellent reputation, credibility and expertise. faculty member JournalTeamwork is the most important legality of a goodish team. It is the most basic requirement for the successful functioning of any organization. Most individuals work in a business environment that requires cooperative team efforts to success seriousy reach business goals. either business goals can be only achieved by teamwork and full co-operation of all individuals. This makes the ability to work in teams a critical skill set. It is a skill that is required by any one who wants to efficaciously contribute to anorganizations schooling.The recent trend towards leaner, flatter organizations, with fewer levels of hierarchy, places even greater emphasis on t he need for cross-functional teamwork. Team performance completely expects on the synchronized efforts of the individuals who work in a team. A team that works together can achieve all goals in stipulated time, with 100% perfection and zero defects. The excogitation of teamwork becomes more important when people work in big teams.Also, teamwork and functioning of a team depend on the team leader. A team that cooperates with its leader and follows him can function smoothly hence a team which works together achieves heights together. The skill of teamwork is very precious to all organizations all organizations are always in search of individuals who can contribute to the development of a team. These days big organizations in any case organize special activities to develop team spirit within its employees this benefits the employees as well.Working in a good team helps employees to concentrate better on their work, it leads to better working environment and hence better development of employees. Thus, teamwork is a skill, which is beneficial and necessary for the smooth functioning of any organization. Cooperation among individuals can only help an organization to successfully achieve its goals and good levels of employee satisfaction.Book Extract or ChapterAccording to todays business environment, teamwork is a very essential part of every organization. Teamwork improves the quality and performance of the organization and provides job satisfaction to the workers. In an organization, teamwork is widespread and provides flexibly to the organization and shows improvements in the other important areas such as employee relations. Basically teamwork helps the organization to achieve its goals. Using effective teams fallibility can be achieved with provides abetter platform for the organization so that it can operate smoothly in this rapidly changing business world.Teams can only be efficient if it has better working relationship which can only be achieved, provide d that working together as a combine effort can make an organization flourish that will also help in increasing job satisfaction and quality of work life. Teamwork will also reduce work load as the work has been divided and it is easy for the employees to work more effectively and this will lead to organizational benefits.Benefits of TeamworkProviding social support to employeesEncourage cooperationMake jobs more interesting and challengingImproves employees technical and interpretation skillsWebpageTeamwork is becoming more satisfying in the workplace as companies have started to notice the benefits that co-operative efforts can provide. While teamwork has for long been present in the workplace with employees, only recently this has shifted towards the upper level management. One trend that has also recently picked up is the lift out. Companies have noticed that certain groups of employees who are exceptional succeed because of the team that they work with. A lift out, involves hiring a high functioning team that has worked together in the past.This has many benefits one of the main being the new group can quickly come up to speed in a new environment. (Groysberg, Abrahams, 2006) Employees that have worked together often have fewer conflicts between each other, and each member of a group is aware of the other members strengths and weaknesses, making delegation of a given task very much easier and more efficient. As a team grows together, having a variety of different strengths within the group allows the group to function as a single unit, capable of much more than individuals performing together.The longer groups work together, the more cohesive they become and their efficiency only increases. The first known lift out occurred in 1946 when a Air Force Colonel took nine of his colleagues to the Ford Motor Company, and helped the desperate company pull through some difficult times. Since then, lift outs have become more common, and today the companies hav e started to realize the full potential that lift outs can bring.While it may harm the company that lost employees, a lift out can be greatly beneficial financially to the company thats hiring the team. The company can yet significantly on training and acquainting the new group with each other, and can directly put the new employees to work. It is crucial in this day and age for firms to encourage teamwork as the internet has simplified communication and made interaction easier. A good team can be a great asset to companies as they increase efficiency while saving them both time and money.ConclusionAnalyzing the sources given above, we can conclude thatNewspaper article 1- Riaa Khurana In todays generation all leaders, irrespective of their ranks, need to work in teams in order to achieve success. Newspaper article 2- Shantanu Aggarwal Every business today can only grow if its members work in a team and solve the problems that the business faces by giving in their respective ideas and viewpoints. Academic journal- Akshai Puri Any existing organization can only achieve success is it has the beneficial skill of teamwork.It is the cooperation between its members that helps the organization achieves their goals. Book extract or chapter- Gaurav Gandhi Teamwork helps the organization improve its product and job quality. It also helps an employee get full job satisfaction and work efficiently by reducing his or her workload. Webpage- Vivek Talluri Teamwork should be support as a good team acts as an important asset for companies and helps them increase their productivity.

The Nature Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

Ergonomics comes from ii Grecian words, ergos ( figure out ) and nomos ( natural Torahs ) .Murrell developed the name in 1949 after running(a) with a squad of physiologists,anatomists and applied scientists at Cambridge University during World War II on the design ofarm systems to accommodate worlds ( Murrell 1975 ) . At the terminal of the War, the group stayedtogether to organize the Ergonomics Research Society, which became the precursor ofsimilar administrations that exist in m both states today. In the United States of America,this activity is referred to as Human Factors and several thousand full-time professionals ar members of the Human Factors Society. In Australia, the Ergonomics Society ofAustralia Inc3 is besides a strong association with about 650 professionals turningin the countries of biotechnologies, occupational wellness and safety, and design.Biotechnologies is the scientific survey of people, their use and their environment and utilizationsinformations de rived from technology, anatomical, physiological and psychological beginnings( Standards standstill of Australia 1976, p. 6 ) . The Standards Association papersdescribed biotechnologies as the design of work so that the best employ is made of gaycapablenesss without transcending human restrictions ( Standards Association of Australia1976, p. 6 ) . This description was supported by Worksafe Australia ( 1989a, p. 44 ) , which give tongue to that biotechnologiespurposes to advance the wellbeing, safety and efficiency of the worker by the survey of his or her capablenesss and restrictions in relation to the worksystem, cable car or under victorious and in relation to the physical, psychologicaland societal environment in which he or she works.A more elaborate explanation describes biotechnologies asthat subdivision of scientific discipline and engineering science that includes what is known andtheorized about human behavioral and biological features that canbe validly applied t o the specification, design, rating, operation, and tutorship of merchandises and systems to heighten safe, effectual, andfulfilling usage by persons, groups and organisations ( Christensen etAl. 1988 ) .More late the Ergonomics Society of Australia Inc ( ESA ) ( 2001, p. 2 ) adopted thedefinition of biotechnologies as approved by the International Ergonomics Association, asfollowsBiotechnologies ( or human factor in ins ) is the scientific topic concerned withthe apprehension of the interactions among worlds and other elementsof a system, and the profession that applies theory, rules, informations andmethods to plan in order to optimize human good being and over each(prenominal)system public presentation.This definition placed accent on biotechnologies as a systems-oriented subject . TheESA noted that ergonomists must hold a wide apprehension of the full appreciation of thesubject, taking into history the physical, cognitive, societal, organizational,environmental and other r elevant factors, and that they whitethorn work in peculiar exertion spheres , depicting three spheres asPhysical Ergonomics concerned with human anatomical, anthropometric,physiological and biomechanical features as they get in touch to physical activity.Cognitive Ergonomics concerned with mental procedures, such as perceptual experience,memory, concluding and go response, as they affect interactions among worldsand other elements of a system.Organizational Ergonomics concerned with the optimization of sociotechnicalsystems, including their organizational constructions, policies and procedures ( ESA2001, p. 2 ) .Historically, the development of biotechnologies in Australia was closely swaind withoccupational wellness and safety due to the mellow incidence of musculoskeletal hurts in theworkplace. Since so, the demand for a holistic attack to counter the increasing impactof rapid scientific alteration has been emphasized ( Bullock 1999, p. 36 ) .Biotechnologies is an att ack , a doctrine , a manner of taking history of people in themanner we design and organize things ( Wilson 1990, p. 3 ) that may be apply to supply anenvironment in which worlds can bring forth their work in harmoniousness with the weapon tothe improvement of work quality and measure and the care or betterment of thephysical and behavioural environment. The finish of biotechnologies at heartadministrations can ensue in improved working techniques, decreased mistakes and accidents,improved industrial dealingss, and increase efficiency. By diminishing disablement andincreasing work satisfaction and productiveness, biotechnologies contributes to a better qualityof work life. The doctrine is to change the toil to accommodate human capacity, instead than tycoonthe human to accommodate to an distant undertaking ( Patkin 1987, pp. 2, 4 ) .Among the cardinal issues related to optimum human interaction with computing machines were thephysical layout of the computer science e nvironment, illuming degrees and sound degrees ( Harper1991, p. 39 ) . In an attempt to continually better the on the line of products conditions for computing machineusers, biotechnologies research workers studied jobs related to equipment, furniture and theworkstation environment. However, Patkin ( cited in Moore 1990, p. 45 ) noted that, turnholding a suited environment and well-designed furniture and equipment is of spell, itis besides of import that people cognize how to lend oneself it right and integrate it into the sumwork topographic point system . The last clause is a major focal point of this thesis.ERGONOMIC RISK FACTORSBiotechnologies impale factors are the facets of a occupation or undertaking that impose a biochemical emphasis on the worker. Biotechnologies probability factors are the interactive elements of musculoskeletal disorder jeopardies. The undermentioned ergonomic portion factors are most likely to do or lend to an MSD.a? repeata? forcea? contact emp hasissa? awkward positiona? darta? cold temperaturea? extrinsic emphasisIt is of import to understand what a embark factor is, or instead is non. A prospect factor itself isnon needfully a causing agent for any peculiar MSD. Most of the times it is non merely thepresence of a hazard factor, but the degree to which the hazard factor is conveyed that may taketo MSDs. Similarly, to the extent a MSD instance is due to a hazard factor, sometimes it willbe a combination of multiple hazard factors, instead than any individual factor, which contributes toor causes an MSD.It is besides important to observe, in measuring any peculiar instance of a MSD, that hazard factorsmay be experienced by the affected individual during non-occupational activities. whencovering with any ergonomic issue, it would be a mistake to concentrate entirely on the workplace.Furthermore, non every person exposed to any or all of these hazard factors will develop a MSD.Nor, for that affair, will any two individual s who are exposed to the homogeneous combination of hazardfactors and in the same phase, respond to them in the same manner. However, becausethese are common factors that may convey approximately to a MSD in some combination and in somepersons, these seven hazard agents are discussed in greater item below.Repeats.Repeat rate is determined as the mean figure of motions or effortsexecuted by a phrase or a organic building nexus within a unit of coiffure. Repeated indistinguishable or similarmotions performed over a period of clip may do over-extension and overexploitation of somemusculus groups, which may take to muscular fatigue. Interestingly, symptoms often associatenon to the muscular tissue and musculus groups involved in insistent motions, but to the stabilizing orcounter sinew and musculus groups used to put and stabilise the appendage in infinite.Frequently, by altering undertakings, musculus groups redeem periods of activity interchanged withperiods of terminal, which may be good in cut downing the cause of hurt.Force.Force is the mechanical or physical attempt to put to death a specific gesture or effort. Tasks or gestures that regard application of higher force topographic point higher mechanical tonss on musculuss, sinews, ligaments and articulations. Tasks affecting high forces may do musculuss to tire more rapidly. High forces may besides take to annoyance, redness, strains and cryings of musculuss, sinews and other tissues.The force required to finish a motion additions when other hazard factors are besides involved. For illustration more physical attempt may be needed to execute undertakings when the velocity or acceleration of gestures additions, when perplex is present, or when the undertaking besides requires awkward positions. Force can be internal, such as when emphasis develops within the musculuss, ligaments and sinews during motion. Force can be external, as when a force is applied to the organic structure, all voluntarily or involuntarily. Forceful motions is most frequently associated with the motion of heavy tonss, such as acme heavy objects on and off a conveyer, presenting heavy bundles, forcing a heavy cart, or traveling a palette. Hand tools that involve pinch clasps require more forceful efforts than those that allow other clasps, such as power clasps.Contact Stresses.Contact emphasis consequences from periodic, repeated or uninterrupted contact between sensitive organic structure tissue and difficult or crisp object. Contact emphasis normally affects the soft tissue on the fingers, thenars, forearms, shins, thighs and pess. This contact may make force per unit area over a little soil of the organic structure ( e.g. carpus, forearm ) that may suppress blood flow, sinew and musculus gesture and nerve map. Examples of contact emphasis include resting carpuss on the crisp border of a desk or workstation when executing undertakings, military press of tool grips into the thenar, particularly when they can non be put down, undertakings that involve baseball glove pound, and sitting without equal remainder for the articulatio genuss.Awkward dumbfoundPosition is the arrangement of a portion of the organic structure comparative to an next portion asmeasured by the angle of the joint associating them. Postural emphasis is seting on an extremeposition at or shut to the normal scope of gesture. Position is one of the most frequently mentionedoccupational hazard factors.There is an inert country of gesture for every jointing articulation in the organic structure. For each jointthe scope of gesture is determined by motions that do non affect high muscular force orcause inordinate uncomfortableness. Injury hazards increase whenever work requires an single to put to death undertakings with organic structure sections outside their impersonal scope in a amused position. The upper arm and shoulder regularise impersonal position is relaxed with the shoulders down andon the same degree, with weaponries at the side. Operating with the weaponries abducted off from theorganic structure, overextended and shoulders bend puts these articulations at the terminal of their normalscope of gesture, requires more muscular force and greatly increases the hazard for hurt. heavy(p) sitting places, such as leaning sideways, writhing the vertebral column, flexingfrontward or slouching Begin in response to compensation for specific work relationships butcan go wont over clip. Position and positioning profile factors such as torso turn,tipped shoulders, caput tilt/rotation, raised cubituss ( any dominant, non-dominant, or both )and runing with custodies near to the face are associated with increased hazard ofmusculoskeletal symptoms.VibrationVibration is the oscillating gesture of a physical organic structure. Vibration has been found to be an aetiologic factor in work environments utilizing tools vibrating in the frequence set of 20 to 80 hertz. localized quiver, such as quiver of the baseball mitt and arm, occurs when a specific portion of the organic structure comes into contact with vibrating objects such as powered manus tools ( e.g. concatenation saw, electric drill, come offing cock ) or equipment ( e.g. wood planing machine, punch imperativeness, boxing machine ) . Whole-body quiver occurs when standing or sitting in vibrating environments ( e.g. driving a truck over unskilful roads ) or when utilizing heavy vibrating equipment that requires whole organic structure engagement ( e.g. air hammers ) cold-blooded Temperature.Cold temperature refer to mental picture to excessive cold while executing work undertakings. Cold temperatures can cut down the manual dexterity and sensitiveness of the custodies. Cold temperatures, for illustration, do the worker to use more clasp force to keep and tools and objects. Besides, prolong contact with cold surfaces ( e.g. managing cold meat ) can impair sleight and bring on numbness. Cold is a job when it is present with other hazard factors and is particularly debatable when it is present with quiver exposure.Of these hazard factors, force ( i.e. forceful efforts ) , repeat and awkward positions, particularly when happening at high degrees or in combination, are most frequently associated with the happening of MSDs. Exposure to one ergonomic factor may be adequate to do or lend to a covered MSD. However, most frequently ergonomic hazard factors act in combination to make a jeopardy. Jobs that have a multiple hazard factor have a greater likeliness of doing an MSD, depending on the continuance, frequence and/or magnitude of exposure to each. Therefore, it is of import that ergonomic hazard factors be considered in visible radiation of their combined consequence in doing or lending to an MSD.